Fig. 4

Amplified PDT by synergistic hypoxia reversal strategy. a Schematic illustration of the synergistic hypoxia reversal strategy, which both increased oxygen supply and decreased oxygen consumption and ultimately enhanced PDT efficacy. b and c CLSM images and fluorescence intensity quantification of ROS generation in AGS cells after different treatments (PBS, PBS with laser, Oxygen Tank, IP NPs with laser, AIP NPs with laser, and Oxygen Tank with laser). Green fluorescence stained by H2DCFHDA depicted ROS. The scale bar is 100 μm. d CLSM images of AGS cells after different treatments (PBS, PBS with laser, Oxygen Tank, IP NPs with laser, AIP NPs with laser, and Oxygen Tank with laser) determined by Calcein-AM/Propidium iodide double stain kit. Viable cells were stained green with Calcein-AM, and dead cells were stained red with PI. The scale bar is 100 μm. e Relative cell viability determined by CCK-8 kit (n = 4). Data are shown as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001