Fig. 5

Schematic diagram of various schemes for collecting extracellular vesicles. A The cell supernatant was separated by repeated multiple ultracentrifugations to obtain EVs. B The supernatant was subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and EVs with different particle sizes were distributed in different concentrations of sucrose solution. C The separation of exosomes by rotary ultrafiltration technology is based on the principle that the pore size of the ultrafiltration membrane allows and intercepts substances of different relative molecular masses, filtering solvents and some small molecules to the other side of the membrane while retaining substances with high relative molecular mass that are larger than the membrane pore size on the ultrafiltration membrane, thus achieving separation. D Exclusion chromatography separates EVs of different particle sizes due to their different peak emergence times after passing through the column. E The microfluidic technique achieves exosome isolation, concentration, and analysis. F Particles of different sizes are subjected to differentially sized acoustic radiation and viscous forces in the microfluidic acoustic field. Under the combined effect of acoustic radiation and viscous force, particles of different sizes move to different exits, thus achieving separation. G Highly hydrophilic polymers interact with water molecules around exosomes to form a hydrophobic microenvironment, which leads to exosome precipitation. H EVs have specific markers on their surface and are adsorbed onto magnetic beads encapsulated with anti-marker antibodies that bind to exosome vesicles after incubation