Fig. 8
From: Tumor-derived systems as novel biomedical tools—turning the enemy into an ally
Tumor-derived EVs in cancer therapy. A TPP/P53@EVs for treating breast cancer. Subfigure (i) displays the morphological features of the EVs in both unloaded and loaded states. Subfigure (ii) demonstrates the tumor cell targeting ability and mitochondrial localization capacity of TPP/P53@EVs using Cy5 labeling and immunofluorescence imaging. Subfigure (iii) reveals the in vivo biodistribution of TPP/P53@EVs through ex vivo fluorescence imaging. Subfigure (iv) depicts the in vivo toxicity assessment of TPP/P53@EVs through the expression analysis of specific antigens, namely, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and Ki-67. Adapted with permission from [159] Copyright Elsevier, 2022). B HELA-Exos as an in situ DC-primed vaccine for breast cancer. Subfigure (i) presents a schematic detailing the preparation process. Subfigure (ii) presents TEM images of the HELA-Exos, allowing for observation of their morphological characteristics. Scale bar: 100 nm. Subfigure (iii) displays the results of calcein-AM fluorescence assays used to evaluate the HELA-Exo in vitro killing capabilities against MCF7, MDA-MB-435S, and SKBR3 cells. Figure (iv) illustrates the intratumoral accumulation of cDC1s/CD8 + T cells resulting from HELA-Exo treatment. Subfigure (v) shows the results of a flow cytometry-based analysis of CD11c + DCs. Adapted with permission from [160], (Copyright Springer Nature, 2022)