Fig. 14
From: Tumor-derived systems as novel biomedical tools—turning the enemy into an ally
Patient-specific tumor heterogeneity reproduction in tumor organoids. Tumor organoids accurately mimic the unique characteristics of individual patients' tumors, reflecting the diverse cellular and environmental factors that contribute to tumor heterogeneity. These organoid models, derived directly from patients, effectively reproduce the phenotypic, epigenetic, and spatial diversity observed within and between tumors. Moreover, tumor organoids provide a means to study the heterogeneous TME, including the presence and functions of noncancerous TME cells, signaling through specific factors within their respective niches, and the altered composition of the ECM. Consequently, tumor organoids hold significant promise for modeling personalized responses to anticancer treatments in clinical settings. Adapted with permission from [250], (Copyright Springer Nature, 2022)