Fig. 12

Using cancer cell tumor lysate for immunomodulatory effects. A Tumosomes for enhancing antitumor immunity. Here, subfigure (i) illustrates the synthesis of multifaceted Tumosomes with immunostimulant adjuvants and helper lipids. Subfigure (ii) demonstrates immune cell maturation by measuring the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 with ELISA. Adapted with permission from [216], (Copyright Wiley–VCH, 2017). B Nanovaccine preparation using whole TCL. Here, subfigure (i) depicts a brief graphic representation of the synthesis of the nanovaccine. Subfigure (ii) shows the activation of adaptive immunity by the activation of DCs, macrophages, B cells, and T cells. Subfigure (iii) shows the activation of innate immunity. Increased levels of CD8 + and CD4 + T cells increase the IFN-γ responsible for tumor death. Figure (iv) shows enhanced macrophage type I expression by investigating F4/80, CD163, CD80, PD-1, and PD-L1 through immunohistochemistry. Adapted with permission from [217], (Copyright Wiley–VCH, 2021)