Fig. 17

Cytotoxic effect of Ti₃Au thin films deposited on Ti substrates with varying Cu and Ag doping concentrations, against L929 mouse fibroblast cells, following 72 h of direct exposure to the sample surface, compared to negative controls (untreated [BLANK] and Ti substrate) and positive controls (Cu substrate and 10% DMSO), determined by Trypan blue exclusion staining and Alamar blue assay