Fig. 4
Schematic illustration of post-isolation modification methods. A Exosome loaded with siRNA using electroporation, then incubated with Chlorin e6 (Ce6) [129]. Copyright 2022, Wiley. B Exosome loaded with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and DiR using sonication, then decorated with aptamer using vortex [130]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. C Exosome loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) using sonication, then decorated with ET peptide [131]. Copyright 2021, Wiley. D Exosome decorated with DSPE-PEG-SH and Au3+ using incubation, then AA was introduced [132]. Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry. E Exosome electroporated with Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) [133]. Copyright 2022, American Association for the Advancement of Science. F exosome loaded with D-luciferin using incubation with UV-B. G exosome membrane labeled with ICG-maleimide and NODAGA-maleimide using Michael addition [134]. Copyright 2022, Wiley