Fig. 6
From: Emerging nano-scale delivery systems for the treatment of osteoporosis
A schematic representation of different drug-loaded nanocarriers and their effects. An extensive repertoire of NP formulations, encompassing diverse categories such as inorganic, metallic, polymeric, and lipid nanoparticles, presents a versatile array of options for loading pharmacological agents aimed at combatting OP. These NPs, functioning as potent drug carriers, facilitate precise and targeted delivery, thereby conferring therapeutic benefits that encompass the dual capacity to foster bone formation or impede OC differentiation, thus mitigating the deleterious effects of OP. NP: Nanoparticles; RANK: Receptor activator of nuclear κB; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; HA: Hydroxyapatite; NFATc1: Nuclear factor of activated T-cells; BMP-2: Bone morphogenetic protein; SIM: Simvastatin; BMD: Bone mass density; TRAP: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; OC: Osteoclast; OB: Osteoblast; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; lncRNA: Long non-coding ribonucleic acid