Fig. 1

A schematic illustration depicting the disadvantages and advantages between conventional treatment methods and nanoscale-based treatment in addressing OP. Drugs like bisphosphates and hormones have been used to treat osteoporosis with treatment approaches like oral and intranasal delivery; however, these exhibit numerous drawbacks like long-term side effects, low drug solubility, and poor drug stability. To overcome these limitations, employing a nano-based DDS emerges as a potential solution. Nano-based DDSs provide various advantages like controlled and sustained drug release, improved targeting, and reduced systemic toxicity.MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells; OB: Osteoblast; OC: Osteoclast