Table 1 Common nanomaterial supplementation for hydrogel scaffolds in osteochondral regeneration
From: Multifunctional hydrogels: advanced therapeutic tools for osteochondral regeneration
Nanomaterial Supplementation Class | Name | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Metal Ions | Manganese Ion (Mn2 +) | Enhancing the bioactivity of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein | [41] |
Magnesium Ion (Mg2 +) | Promoting the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of cells; inducing the deposition of bone minerals; facilitating osteogenesis | [42] | |
Phytomolecules | Honokiol (HKL) | Preventing inflammatory response and cartilage matrix degradation | [43] |
Kartogenin (KGN) | Inducing chondrogenesis of MSCs; initiating the endochondral ossification | [44] | |
Chondroitin Sulfate(CS) | Anti-inflammatory effects, stimulating proteoglycan production, inhibiting cartilage cytokine production, inducing apoptosis of articular chondrocytes | [45] | |
Bioceramics | Hydroxyapatite (HAp) | Promoting bone growth | [46] |
Laponite (LAP) | Promoting chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs | [47] | |
Biologics | Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) | Initiating and regulating cartilage healing | [48] |
Growth factors | TGF-β1 | Promoting cartilage and bone formation; chondrogenic differentiation | [49] |
TGF-β3 | Regulating hyaline cartilage formation and proliferation; regulation of biosynthesis of major ECM components | [50] | |
BMP-2 | Enhancing osteogenesis, vascularization, and bone repair; osteogenic differentiation | [51] |