Fig. 1

Promoting effect of TSC-derived secretome on MSC proliferation in SFM. A Scheme of CM and EV collected from TSC and MSC. B Morphological changes in TSC-CM treated MSCs during growth. Scale bars, 50 μm. C Dose-dependent TSC-CM treated to MSCs in SFM; then, the percentage of cell proliferation was determined at 24 h and 48 h by CCK8. D Different morphology and (E) growth rate of BM-MSCs on MSC-CM and TSC-CM treated MSCs in SFM, respectively. Scale bars, 50 μm. F UC-MSCs and (G) AD-MSCs were cultured with MSC-CM or TSC-CM for 48 h in SFM. The proliferation rate was analyzed by CCK8. H Determination of cell proliferation for dose-dependent TSC-EV treated to MSCs in SFM was performed by CCK8. I The rate of cell proliferation was compared in MSCs treated with TSC-CM, EV-depleted TSC-CM, and TSC-EV. J Internalization of Dil-labeled TSC-EV (green) onto MSCs was evaluated by immunofluorescence detection. DAPI, blue; plasma membrane, red. Scale bars, 10 μm. K Representative images of BrdU-positive cells (green) in MSC cultured with TSC-EV for 24 h in SFM. Scale bars, 125 μm. L BrdU-positive cells were counted. MSCs culture with SFM-only was used as control. Error bars presented the mean and SD. (n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001)