Fig. 3

Engineering strategies and applications of iPSCs for personalized medicine. a Conditioned medium generated from umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (uMSC-CdM) and iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iMSC-CdM) effectively promoted cutaneous wound healing. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [16]. b 3D bioprinting of a human iPSC-derived MSC-loaded scaffold for regeneration of the uterine endometrium. The preparation of human iMSC-loaded hydrogels was followed by the construction of the engineered scaffold through the 3D printing process. The engineered scaffolds were cultured in vitro for three days and then transplanted, and the structure and function of the endometrium were assessed after the repair of the uterine horn. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94]. c A microdevice platform for characterizing the effect of mechanical strain magnitudes on the maturation of iPSC-cardiomyocytes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. d Human iPSC-derived NK (hnCD16iNK) cells produced from donor iPSC line with genetic engineering. The hnCD16iNK cells showed better antitumor activity on in vivo ovarian cancer model. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [96]. e Exosomes derived from iPSCs mitigate pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin, with less collagen deposition. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [97]. f Gene correction, transcript analysis, and differentiation to kidney organoids. Patient-iPSC-derived kidney organoids show functional validation of a ciliopathic renal phenotype and reveal underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [98]