Fig. 2

In vitro targeting of NMVs and NM-NP-ICG/RIF to inflammatory vascular endothelial cells. a Western blot analysis of ICAM-1 in normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and LPS-stimulated HUVECs. b CLSM images of normal and LPS-stimulated HUVECs after incubation with NMVs (50 µg mL^− 1) at 37 °C for 2 h. (Green: DiO-labelled NMs; blue: Hoechst-labeled nuclei. Scale bar, 50 μm.). c Mean fluorescence intensity of DiO in normal and LPS-stimulated HUVECs characterized by flow cytometry (n = 3). d CLSM images of LPS-stimulated HUVECs after incubation with NP-ICG/RIF (50 µg mL^− 1) and NM-NP-ICG/RIF (50 µg mL^− 1) at 37 °C for 2 h. (Green: DiO-labeled NMVs; red: Rhodamine B-labeled NP-ICG/RIF; blue: Hoechst-labeled nuclei. Scale bar: 50 μm). e The mean fluorescence intensity of Rhodamine B in HUVECs after incubation with the nanoparticles with or without NMVs coating (n = 3). (****p < 0.0001, Student’s t-test)