Fig. 1

Preparation scheme and characterizations of the neutrophil-like cell membrane-coated nanoparticles. a NM-NP-ICG/RIF prepared by co-extrusion of neutrophil-like cell membrane and PLGA nanoparticles loaded with antibiotic rifampicin (RIF) and photothermal agent indocyanine green (ICG). b Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images of NP-ICG/RIF, NMVs and NM-NP-ICG/RIF. All samples were negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid (Scale bar: 100 nm). c Hydrodynamic size and zeta-potential of NP-ICG/RIF, NMVs and NM-NP-ICG/RIF (n = 3). d Confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) images of NM-NP-ICG/RIF with DiO-labeled NMVs (green) and Rhodamine B-labeled NP-ICG/RIF (red) (Scale bar :10 μm). e Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of proteins presented on NP-ICG/RIF, NMVs and NM-NP-ICG/RIF. f Western blot analysis of β2 Integrin, TLR4 and CD14 on NMVs and NM-NP-ICG/RIF. g Temperature change of PBS, PLGA NP, RIF and various ICG-loaded nanoparticles (534 µg mL^− 1) irradiated with an 808 nm laser (1.5 W cm ^− 2) for 5 min (n = 3). h In vitro release of rifampicin from the NP-ICG/RIF, NM-NP-ICG/RIF and NM-NP-ICG/RIF after laser irradiation for 5 min (n = 3)