Table 2 Existing techniques for generation of MSCs from PSCs. Various methods such as growth factor induction, embryonic body formation, gene modification, and biomaterials have been utilized to differentiate various PSCs into MSCs.
Type of Technique | Method | Cells used | MSC properties | Publication |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Growth Factors | BMP4 | hESCs | EMT gene upregulation | (158) |
BMP4 with activin inhibitor (A83-01) in MesenCult™ media | hESCs | 3–4 weeks for differentiation; CD73+, CD90+, and CD105+ cells with trilineage properties | (135) | |
ESCs were cultured with SB431542 | hiPSCs | MSCs were generated rapidly in 10 days, and they exhibited good trilineage potential and efficient passaging capability | (140) | |
IκB kinase/NF-κB signaling inhibitor and p65 inhibitor were used with MSC culture medium | hiPSCs | MSCs with high osteogenic and chondrogenic properties | (155) | |
Embryoid body | ESCs were cultured in suspension culture and outgrowths were isolated | hESCs | 10-day differentiation; CD73+, CD90+, and CD105+ cells with chondrogenic properties | (147) |
ESCs were cultured in suspension culture. The EBs formed were plated in 0.1% gelatin low-glucose media, and outgrowths were isolated | hESCs | MSCs markers were observed, and the expressions of the CD73 and CD105 markers increased with the passage number | (148) | |
Cells were plated in low-attachment plates, and the EBs formed were replated in 0.1 gelatin with MSC media | iPSCs | After 35 days, MSC-like cells were generated with low CD105 expression, immunomodulatory properties, and adipogenic potential | (149) | |
EBs were formed in non-tissue culture plates with knockout serum replacement medium, transferred to the MSC medium, and treated with SB431542 | iPSCs and hESCs | MSCs were generated in 10 days with SB431542 treatment; the CD105 and adipogenic potential were low. The other markers were normal, osteogenic and chondrocyte potential were normal, and proliferation rate was higher | (139) | |
EBs were formed with BMP4, bFGF, and VEGF on a low-attachment surface. Mesangioblast were formed, which were then cultured in serum-free methylcellulose medium over Matrigel® | hESC | The output was higher than that of BMMSCs with higher doubling rate and smaller size; the Stro-1 marker was lacking | (160) | |
Other techniques | OP9 stromal cells were co-cultured with hESC; CD73+ cells were isolated with FACS and cultured | hESC | Induction time was longer at 40 days. Other than CD90, all markers were present, and the trilineage potential was good | (150) |
Repeated passage of ESCs on gelatin-coated plates | hESC | Passage pressure generated MP, which exhibited homogeneous population, tumor-free nature, and good tri-lineage potential | ||
Lentivirus-induced HOX genes in miPSCs | miPSCs | HOX gene was overexpressed, and vascular wall MSCs were generated | (152) | |
DOX-induced MSX2 overexpression in hiPSCs in MSCs medium | hiPSCs | Overexpression of MSX2 generated immature MSCs, but with small molecules, mature MSCs were generated, and their trilineage potential was similar to that of BMMSCs | (138) | |
EZH2 inhibitor was added to hESC medium, and cells were sorted | hESC | MSCs were generated within 7 days; no CD105 markers were used, and the generated MSCs had low adipogenic and chondrogenic potential but good osteogenic potential | (153) |