Table 2 Mechanical stimulation on cell containing hydrogel and responses
Cell type /Hydrogel | Preculture time | Mechanical stimuli | Duration | Response | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rabbit BM-MSCs / Agarose | 24 h | Compression/10% strain /1 Hz | 4 h/day, 14 days | -Aggrecan and collagen type II expression increased in all groups (TGF-β, TGF-β + loading, Loading)—TGF-β1 gene expression in both loading and TGF-β treatment. -No change in DNA content after stimulation.—No collagen type X expression | [131] |
Human chondrocytes/ collagen type I | - | Compression/10% strain /0.3 Hz | Continuous, 28 days | -Upregulation of Col II and Col I and MMP-13, down regulation of aggrecan—No change in the ratio of Col II/ Col I mRNA expression. -Enhanced stiffness of construct in loaded sample | [103] |
Human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs)/ Agarose | 1 day and 21 days | 10 kPa/ 0.25 Hz | 1 h/day till day 28 | -Loading after 21 days preculture increased aggrecan and COL2α1 expression level and suppressed hypertrophy markers including COL1α1, COL10α1, MMP13, RUNX2, and ALP | [98] |
Chondrocyte/ Fibrin-polyurethane | 5 days | 10–20% strain with 0.5 Hz and simultaneous shear motion by ball oscillation at ± 25° and 0.5 Hz | 1 h loading, twice per day (8 h free swelling between loading cycles) over 5 consecutive days | -Upregulation of COMP and PRG4 gene -Increased Col2/Col1 & ACAN/VCAN, MMP3 and MMP13 remained relatively stable. -No effect on GAG production per cell | [132] |
iPS-MP/ photo crosslinkable hydrogel (8-arm PEG-norbornene, ChS-SH, CRGDS (Genscript), PEG dithiol, and Irgacure 2959) | 7 days | Intermittent unconfined dynamic compressive strains applied at 5% peak to peak strain (2.5% amplitude strain) at 1 Hz with 23 h of rest under a tare strain of < 0.1% | 1 h/day for 3 weeks | -Synergistic effect of dynamic loading and TGF-B3 was the best condition to induce stable chondrogenesis and inhibit hypertrophy | [123] |
Human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) /Fibrin hydrogel | 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks | 1 Hz to an amplitude of 10% strain, after a 0.01 N preload | 2 h/day, 5 days per week/2 weeks | -Enhanced COL2A1 and ACAN mRNA expression in more than 2 weeks priming samples -Increased COL2A1 and COL10A1 and suppressed SOX9 expression with no change on ACAN after immediate mechanical loading (No chondrogenic priming) -Enhanced GAG and collagen deposition and mechanical properties by increasing priming time | [20] |
Primed MSCs/MeHA hydrogel (In vivo) | 1 day | 10% peak compressive sinusoidal strain at 1 Hz superimposed on a 5% compressive tare strain | 4 h/day and 5 days per week/14 days | -Dynamic loaded constructs showed cartilage defect healing in Rat and nude mice | [79] |
Human articular chondrocytes (in vivo)/Fibrin | - | Perfusion, 2.5 µL/s | 21 days | -Accumulated and more distributed GAGs in the perfused samples -Accumulation of collagen type II in perfused gels | [133] |
Human articular chondrocytes /Agarose | - | Hydrostatic pressure and/or deviatoric stress | 4 days loading and 3 days static culture (7 days in total) | -Cell proliferation with mechanical loading -Increase in aggrecan and collagen type II at day 7 in HP sample -Increase in aggrecan and collagen type II at day 4 in deviatoric stress and combined HP/ deviatoric stress sample | [129] |
Primary bovine articular chondrocytes Fibrin-hyaluronan based hydrogel | 5 days | 10%/0.5 Hz compression, 25°/0.5 Hz rotation | 1 h/day, 14 days | -sGAG/DNA upregulation in loaded samples both in the presence or absence of FGF-18v | [122] |
Porcine bone marrow (BM) and infrapatellar fat pad (FP) derived stem cells/Agarose | 21 days | Compression 10% strain,1 Hz | 1 h/day, 21 days | -Increase in sGAG and collagen content after loading in both cells -An increase in DNA content was in FP samples after loading-Relatively constant DNA content in BM samples after loading | [114] |
Porcine bone marrow derived multipotent stromal cells (BMSCs) and infrapatellar FP-derived multipotent stromal cells (FPSCs)/ Agarose | 24 h | HP/10 MPa /1 Hz | 4h/day, 5days/week for5 weeks | -Increase sGAG in both groups -Enhanced collagen accumulation in BMSCs -HP reduced hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral ossification in BMSC -HP caused a stable cartiligous phenotype in FPSC group | [115] |
MC-PU/MSC | 2 days | Compression and shear strain (Shear ± 25° at 1 Hz/Compression 10–20%, 1 Hz) | 1 h/day for 21 consecutive days | High collagen II expression and low COL-X expression in loaded sample | [127] |