Fig. 3

A 1: Procedure for chondrogenic preconditioning to obtain manipulated mesenchymal stem cells (M-MSCs), 2: Methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) loaded with cells undergoes UV-initiated x-linking, 3: compressive stress in a bioreactor for the MeHA hydrogel containing cells, 4: The constructions were subcutaneously implanted in nude mice for 30 days following 14 days of culture in a bioreactor, 5: Implantation in osteochondral defect in rats for 8 weeks after culturing in bioreactor for 14 days, 6: Following implantation in naked mice, a representative gross view of the resulting constructions is shown, reproduced content [79]. B The setup of the in vitro experiment and perfusion chamber, 1: Extraction and amplification of chondrocyte followed by seeding cells in fibrin hydrogel for 3 weeks in both static (well plate) and perfusion bioreactor while being exposed to BMP-2, insulin, and T3 (BIT), 2: Top and side views of macroscopic images displaying the cartilage gel centered in the human osteochondral block, reproduced content [133]. C 1: Schematic of the production process of alginate microgels, 2: Mixing concentrated alginate microgels with agarose hydrogel after 9 days culture, 3: Appling cyclic strain (5 ± 2%) to the agarose constructs containing alginate microgels in the custom-made bioreactor, reproduced content [17]. D 1–4: Osteochondral harvesting and defect creations, 5: osteochondral defect models are stimulated using a joint bioreactor with joint-specific biomechanical stimuli, reproduced content [132]. Reproduced content is open access-Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)