Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Table 3 Contribution of ECM alterations to the immunogenicity of decellularized tissues/organs

ECM component	ECM alteration effect on the immune system	Ref.
Collagen	• Triggering humoral immune response via exposing hidden antigenic sites • Exposing DAMPs (i.e., PGP motives) • Changing the structure or depleting immunosuppressive RGD motives and LAIR-1 ligands	[48, 63, 100, 102, 103]
Elastin	• Triggering humoral immune response via exposing hidden antigenic sites • Exposing DAMPs (i.e., GXXPG and XGXPG domains)	[109, 113, 115]
Fibronectin	• Changing the structure or depleting immunosuppressive RGD motives	[63]
Laminin	• Changing the structure or depleting immunosuppressive RGD motives • Exposing DAMPs	[63, 102]
GAGs	• Changing the structure or depleting immunosuppressive high molecular weight hyaluronic acids • Producing highly immunogenic low molecular weight hyaluronic acids	[63, 100, 113]

ISSN: 2055-7124