Method | Typical decellularization agents | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acids | PAA | Favorable ECM preservation ↓ pathogen-related immunogenicity due to simultaneous sterilization | Weak antigen removal | |
Bases | NAOH | High potency in removing DNA and other immunogens Cytocompatibility | ↑ ECM alteration and DAMP release ↓ growth factor | |
Non-ionic detergents | TX100 | ↑ removal of DNA and membrane immunogens | ↑ ECM alteration and DAMP release Low efficiency in dense tissues Cytotoxicity | |
Ionic detergents | SDS SDC | High potency in removing protein antigens, especially in dense tissues | ↑ ECM alteration and DAMP release Exposing hidden antigenic sites ↓ GAG and growth factor Cytotoxicity Necessitating robust washing methods | |
Zwitterionic detergents | CHAPS Sulfobetaines | Effective agents for solubilizing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic immunogens | ↓ GAG and elastin ↑ DAMP release Exposing hidden antigenic sites | |
Chelating agents | EDTA | ↑ cell-ECM dissociation ↑ nuclear material removal | Weak cell and antigen removal efficacy | |
Enzymes | Proteases Nucleases | ↑ cell-ECM dissociation Eliminating nuclear antigens | Disrupting the structure of collagen, laminin, GAG, and elastin ↑ DAMP release Exposing hidden antigenic sites ↓ recellularization due to retention of enzymes within dECM |