Fig. 4

Cytocompatibility of brain-VBM. A (1) and A (3) show that after 2 h of coculture with brain-VBM, the cells evenly attached to the surfaces of the VBM scaffolds. After coculture for 48 h, 3D reconstruction of confocal imaging indicated that cells were evenly distributed on brain-VBM, and the structure of brain-VBM was not shrunken. Cells migrated to the surface of the BM branches. Cell–cell contacts (white arrows) are shown in A (4). B Live/dead assay suggested growth of cells on brain-VBM. C-E MTT and EdU assays revealed that brain-VBM components (even at high concentrations) did not hinder cell proliferation; in contrast, they promoted cell proliferation at certain concentrations (> 20 μg/mL). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ns and # indicate nonsignificant