Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of common medical devices. Various biomaterials are widely used in the manufacture of medical devices, such as artificial joints, dental implants, cardiovascular stents, pacemakers, various medical catheters and internal fixation apparatuses. They are used directly or indirectly in the human body for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases or to compensate for the function of impaired organs. However, device-associated infections are increasingly emerging as a serious threat with the massive application of biomaterials