Scheme 1

Schematic illustration of various NIR-II hollow nanoplatforms for photothermal-based therapies. There are two representative NIR-II hollow nanoplatforms described in this work, i.e. (1) hollow nanoplatforms themselves serve as NIR-II PTAs and (2) hollow nanoplatforms are decorated with NIR-II PTAs. As for the outer circle, blue, green and orange background correspond to single-modal NIR-II PTT, dual-modal NIR-II PTT-based therapies and multi-modal NIR-II PTT-based therapies. More specifically, the categories can be divided into NIR-II PTT (e.g., HPP and Ag₂S Ve), NIR-II PTT/PDT (e.g., AuHNRs-DTPP, AAM-Ce6 and TAT-Pd@Au/Ce6/PAH/H-MnO₂), NIR-II PTT/chemotherapy (e.g., AuHNRs-DOX, DOX-NiP PHNPs and DSF@PEG-HCuS), NIR-II PTT/catalytic therapy (e.g., PEG-Cu₂Se HNCs and HSC-2), NIR-II PTT/gas therapy(e.g., HC-AB), PTT/CDT/chemotherapy (e.g., DOX@H-Cu₉S₈/PEG and HMNC), NIR-II PTT/chemo/gene therapy (e.g., CPT-RHNS-PGEA/p53) and NIR-II PTT/PDT/CDT/ST/immunotherapy (e.g., PEG-CMS@GOx). Figures were reproduced with permission from Ref. [97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111], respectively