Table 2 Exemplary imaging applications based on optical techniques

Direct wavefront sensing

High sensing speed / Require wavefront sensors, Need fluorescent labeling, weak at scattering

Oligodendrocytes and neuronal nuclei in a zebrafish brain in vivo

[33]

Neurons in a Thy1-YFPH mouse brain in vivo

[34]

mRuby2-labeled layer 5 pyramidal neurons of vS1 mouse brain cortex in vivo

[35]

A live human stem cell-derived organoid

[36]

The eye of a zebrafish embryo 24 hpf.

[36]

Cortical neurons of a Thy1-GFP mouse brain in vivo

[37]

C. elegans in vivo expressed by the adherens junction marker ajm-1::GFP

[38]

Indirect wavefront sensing

Better suited to opaque tissues than direct wavefront sensing, Require no wavefront sensors / Slow sensing speed due to hardware feedback, Deal with low-order aberrations modes, Need fluorescent labeling

The visual cortex and Hippocampus of mouse brain in vivo

[39]

Synaptic structures in the deep cortical region of a Thy1-GFP mouse brain

[40]

High and basal dendritic spines of a mouse V1 neuron in vivo

[41]

GFP expressed microtubule of Drosophila larval macrophage

[42]

GFP-expressed pyramidal neuron in a living mouse brain

[43]

Single microglia cell from hippocampus tissue of a mouse brain

[44]

Coherence-gating

Label-free, High sensing speed / Mixed phase retardations of input and output paths, Deal with low-order aberration modes

Olfactory bulb in transgenic zebrafish larvae

[45]

Time-gated reflection matrix

Label-free, Better suited to opaque tissues, Numerical post-processing, Seperation of input and output aberrations, High- order aberration correction / Matrix acqusition time depending on scattering

Hyphae of Aspergillus cells in a rabbit’s cornea

[46]

Nerve system and hindbrain of a 10-dpf larval zebrafish in vivo

[47]

In vivo through-skull mouse brain imaging

[48]

ex vivo through-skull neuronal dendrites in the brain of a Thy1-EGFP line M mouse

[48]