Fig. 1

Images of animal experiments. a Images of rat calvaria defect. After a round defect with 8 mm diameter defect was made on a rat calvaria, the scaffold was placed in the defect. b Images of ectopic ossification model. Four pouches with 10 mm long and 10 mm deep were made in both sides of the back muscle of each rat. After the scaffolds were implanted into the pouches, the incisions were sutured layer by layer