Table 3 The specific conditions of ES to induce cell proliferation and differentiation

Osteoblast

DC

100 mA

Celluar proliferation, elongation were improved

NSCs

Biphasic current pulses

100 μA, 100 Hz with 100 μsec duration

NSCs proliferation was promoted associating with upregulated neuronal gene expression level and increased microtubule-associated protein 2

Cardiomyocytes

DC

~1 μA

Enhances proliferation with no morphological changes in vitro, modulate the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in vitro and in vivo

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (Foreskin)-2 cell line

Biphasic current pulses

65 mV/mm or 200 mV/mm for 5 min, 1 Hz, and 1 ms pulse width

The cell showed cardiac differentiation with increased the expression of NKX2.5 and TBX5, as well as the proteins ACTC1, TNNT2, MYH7, and MYL7

Human ESCs

N/A

6.6 V/cm, 1 Hz, and 2 ms pulses

Upregulation of gene expression including HCN1, MLC2V, SCN5A, SERCA, Kv4.3, and GATA4; cellular elongation, and an increase in the proportion of ventricular-like hESC-derived cardiomyocytes

Mouse bone marrow stromal cells

Rectangular pulse

100 mV, 10 Hz, 2.0 ms, 30 min

Induced the differentiation of mouse BMSCs into neural cells with enhanced neurogenin2 (Ngn2) expression

SCs & PC12 cell

N/A

100 mV/cm, 1 h

Promote SCs proliferation, and promoted PC12 cell differentiation into SCs and axonal extension

Mouse embryonic osteoblast precursors Mc-3 T3-E1

Rectangular pulses

200 mV/cm, 1 Hz to 100 kHz, 30 min

100 Hz could up-regulate the mRNA levels of collagen I, collagen II and Runx2, accelerate cells differentiation and proliferation, down-regulate the mRNA levels of osteopontin (OPN). 1 Hz to 10 Hz could improve calcium deposition in the intracellular matrix.

BMSCs

N/A

20 mV/cm, 60 kHz

An increase in ALP and col1 transcript, and NADH, FAD, lipofuscin was detected, improved hMSC differentiation potential to bone