Fig. 4

Fluid shear applied parallel to the grooves produces a synergistic effect on endothelial cell orientation, while perpendicular flow results in disorganized cell orientation. Cells were either cultured on planar control or groove and hole topographies with varying dimensions (800 and 2000 nm) and exposed to steady fluid flow at 20 dynes/cm² (reprinted from Morgan et al. [41] with permission from Elsevier)