Schematic illustration of fabrication, active transdermal delivery, and synergistic antitumor mechanism of Ef/CBD-SD@DMNs. The CO2 bubbles generated by the combined effervescent components (CaCO3 & NaHCO3) push CBD deep penetration, consequently improving transdermal and tumoral delivery. The Ca2+ influx on one hand triggers the “TRPV1-NFATc1-ATF3” pathway for melanoma apoptosis and on the other hand results in the engineering of the tumor microenvironment, collaboratively boosting anti-melanoma therapy