Table 2 Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based cancer biomarker detection
From: Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs): emerging biomaterials for cancer theragnostic applications
Biomarker | MIPa components | Template | Mechanism | Detection range | LOD | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nucleic acid | Monomer: Methacrylic acid (MAA) Additive: Nafion | Rhodamine B | Electrochemical sensing | 10 fM—100 nM | 2.53 fM | [103] |
Monomer: (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) Crosslinker: Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) | Malachite green (MG) | Phosphorescence and fluorescence sensing | 0.089 -1.79 μg/mL | 19.48 ng/mL | [102] | |
Monomer: Dopamine | MicroRNA 21 | RNA separation | - | - | [101] | |
Monomers: acrylamide (AA) and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAm) Initiator: ammonium persulfate (APS) Catalyst: N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) | HeLa cell-derived ribosomes | Ribosome and associated RNA separation | - | - | [116] | |
Protein | Monomer: 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene | Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) | Electrochemical sensing | 1—200 ng/mL | 0.43 ng/mL | [104] |
Monomer: APTES, 3-ureidopropyl-triethoxysilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) | Carcinomaembryonic antigen (CEA) | Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy | - | 5.6 × 10−14 M | [106] | |
Monomer: Dopamine | Carcinomaembryonic antigen (CEA) | Electrochemical sensing | 0.001—1000 ng/mL | 0.2589 pg/mL | [97] | |
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy | 0.1 pg/mL- 10 μg/mL | 0.064 pg/mL | [105] | |||
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | Electrochemiluminescence | 5 pg/mL—50 ng/mL | 3.0 pg/mL | [107] | ||
Monomer: Acrylamide Crosslinker: N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide | Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | 0.01—100 ng/mL | 5.4 pg/mL | [108] | |
myoglobin (Myo) | 1—20,000 ng/mL | 0.83 ng/mL | ||||
Exosome | Monomer: 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine | Exosomes | Fluorescence sensing | - | 6 pg/mL | [112] |
Silica nanoparticles | - | 1.2 × 10–17 M | [113] | |||
Monomer: MAA and 4-vinylphenylboronic (VPBA) | Silica nanoparticles wrapped by horseradish peroxidase with diameters in 50, 100, and 150 nm | Electrochemical sensing | - | 1.44 × 103, 5.68 × 102 and 7.70 × 102 particles/mL | [110] | |
Monomer: 2-(diethylamino)ethyl acrylate and acrylamide Cross-linker: N,N′-methylene diacrylamide | Silica nanoparticles | Exosome capture/proteome analysis | - | - | [111] | |
Monomer: Acrylamide (AAm), N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), and MAA Initiator: N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) and ammonium persulfate (APS) | Exosomes | “Turn-on” fluorescence sensing | - | 1.3 × 106 particles/mL | [94] | |
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer | 2.43 × 106 particles/mL | [95] | ||||
Cell | Monomer: 4-acrylamidophenyl)(amino)methaniminium acetate (AB) and methacrylamide Initiator: Coumarin 6 and triethylamine Cross-linker: Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) | Glucuronic acid | Fluorescence imaging | - | - | [114] |
Monomer: Acrylamide (AAm), N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride (NAPMAAm), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), and 3-methacrylamidophenylboronic acid Initiator: N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) and ammonium persulfate (APS) Cross-linker: N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAAm) | Sialic acid (SA) | Cancer cell capture | - | - | [58] | |
Monomer: methacrylamide (MAAm), 2-{3-(4-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-7-yl)ureido} ethyl methacrylate, vinylbenzene boronic acid (VBBA) and EGDMA Initiator: 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitril) (ABDV) | Fluorescence imaging | - | - | [115] |