Fig. 2

Characterization of anti-gravity bioreactor. A Calculated acceleration magnitude and relative deformation of a piezoelectric transducer used in this work B Acoustic pressure field as a function of height between reflector and actuator, the maximum average pressure field was obtained at 47.3 mm C Acoustic pressure contour plot of a selected zone (orange color rectangular solid box) and the trajectories of particles representing single cells over time there. D Trajectories of single particle for spheroid for 0.1 s under the given acoustic pressure field, the red point indicates the initial position of the particle. The range of the particle size is from 100 μm to 500 μm in diameter. E Cell culture conditions in anti-gravity device. F Temperature variation images and G quantitative data during 24 h of anti-gravity bioreactor operation adjusted with Peltier cooling device. H Representative images of hMSC spheroids cultured in the anti-gravity bioreactor