Table 7 Bioactivators for diabetes ulcer

Cells/Exos

AD-MSCs

MSC transplantation

Antibacterial, hasten healing

[219]

Exosomes from ADSCs

Exosomes transplantation

Accelerate angiogenesis

[220]

Promote angiogenesis via miR-106a-5p and FGF4/p38MAPK pathway

[221]

Extracellular vesicles from HF-MSCs

Exosomes transplantation

Increase HDFs proliferation, angiogenesis

[222]

BM-MSCs

MSC transplantation

An increase in the length of epithelial edges, collagen content, microvessel density and a higher expression of VEGF

[223]

Exosomes from ADSCs

Cryogels

Enhanced collagen deposition, faster re-epithelialization, increased neovascularization, and decreased oxidative stress

[224]

ADSCs

MSC transplantation

Enhance VEGFR3-mediated lymphangiogenesis via METTL3-mediated VEGF-C m6A modification

[225]

Cryogels

Reduce inflammation and promote collagen deposition

[226]

ADSCs and PRP

Injection

Upregulate Notch 1 signaling, enhancing angiogenesis, and triggering epidermal cell proliferation and recruitment.

[227]

ESCs-Exo

Subcutaneous injections

Decreasing inflammation, augmenting wound cell proliferation, stimulating angiogenesis, and inducing M2 macrophage polarization.

[228]

GFs

EPCs and aFGF

Cryogel

Enhanced granulation formation, collagen deposition, reepithelization.

[229]

Umbilical cord SCF

Hydrogel

Promote angiogenesis and collagen deposition.

[230]

EGF

Nanoparticles

Thorough re-epithelization, reduced inflammatory response, faster collagen deposition, and advanced collagen maturation

[133]

Patch

Promote the migration and proliferation of multiple types of cells (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells) and enhance angiogenesis

[231]

Coacervates

Recovered horizontal migration of epidermis over the newly deposited dermal matrix, reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and THF-α

[232]

VEGF and PDGF-BB

Hydrogels

Induce angiogenesis and arteriogenesis

[233]

VEGF

Hydrogel patch

Downregulating the expression of inflammatory factors, promoting collagen deposition and angiogenesis

[234]

Medicines

Metformin

Microneedles

Inhibiting inflammation, providing oxygen, absorbing excess exudate

[235]

Ferulic Acid

Nanofibers

Antibacterial, epithelial layer regeneration and collagen formation

[236]

Cefotaxime sodium

Hydrogel membranes

Angiogenesis, accelerated reepithelization, collagen deposition

[237]

Angiogenesis, mature collagen deposition and epidermis regeneration, antibacterial

[148]

DCH, CEX

Nanofibers

L929 fibroblasts proliferation and growth, antibacterial

[238]

Ceftriaxone, melittin

Hydrogel

Reduction in IL-6 and TNF-α, increase in hydroxyproline, VEFG-A, and TGF-β1

[239]

L-carnosine and curcumin

Hydrogel

Inactivation of MMP-9, antibacterial

[240]

Metal

AgNPs

Topical preparations

Antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenesis

[241]

Spray

Promote collagen deposition, low levels of inflammatory infiltrate

[242]

Topical preparations

Antimicrobial, decreased the mRNA and protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9

[243]

Hydrogel

Inhibits collagenase and MPO activity

[244]

Ag⁺

Hydrogel

Thorough reepithelization, sufficient collagen deposition, and accelerated collagen maturation

[245]

ZnO NPs

Topical preparations

Antibacterial

[246]

CuNPs

Hydrogels

Stimulated the levels of HIF- 1α and VEGF

[183]

GoX

Gox, MnO2

Hydrogel

Antibacterial, remove biofilm, oxygen generation, angiogenesis

[247]

GOX

Hydrogel

Antibacterial, promote healing

[248]

GoX, hemin

Hydrogel

Eradication of infection, reduction of the glucose concentration

[249]

DFO, Gox

Hydrogel

Induce reepithelialization, collagen deposition, angiogenesis

[250]