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Table 6 Composite hydrogel

From: Advanced polymer hydrogels that promote diabetic ulcer healing: mechanisms, classifications, and medical applications

 

System

Substance

Mechanism

Signal pathway

Cell line

Animal

Wound size

Characteristic

Ref.

HA and CS

OHA and CMC

Curcumin, EGF

Collagen deposition, angiogenesis (+); oxidative stress, inflammation (-)

IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP9 (-)

NIH-3T3 cells

STZ-induced diabetic rat model

One,0. 8cm

On-demand drug release, superior rheological, swelling, degradation, biocompatibility, antibacterial, hemostatic properties.

[209]

Quaternary ammonium chitosan and OHA

α-LA

Cell proliferation, neovascularization(+)

PCNA, Ki67, CD34, α-SMA (+)

Human dermal fibroblasts, HaCAT, HUVECs

STZ-induced diabetic rat model

Three ,1.5cm

Superior injectability, self-healing, adhesive mechanical properties, antibacterial, biocompatibility

[210]

OHA and SCS

Insulin-loaded micelles and EGF

Fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, myofibrils (+)

NA

3T3 cells

STZ-induced diabetic rat model

One,0. 8cm

pH-responsive, low biological cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility

[211]

N-carboxyethyl chitosan, HA-ALD

BM-MSCs

Granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, nucleated cell proliferation, neovascularization (+)

TGF-β, VEGF, bFGF, CD31, Ki67(+)

BM-MSCs

STZ-induced diabetic rat model

one,0. 5cm

Promote stem cell proliferation or secretion of growth factors, injectable, self-healing properties

[212]

CMCS and OHA

Taurine

Anti-inflammatory activity, angiogenesis (+)

VEGF (+); TNF-α, IL-6(-)

L929 cells

STZ-induced diabetic rat model

One,0. 8cm

Self-healing, pH- responsive, good biocompatibility, mechanical properties

[213]

OHA and CMCS

Au-Pt alloy nanoparticles

Angiogenesis, epidermis growth, collagen deposition (+); Inflammation (-)

VEGF, CD31, IL-10 (+); IL-1β (-)

NA

STZ-induced diabetic rat model

Three, 1.2 cm

Self- healing, regulating wound pathological microenvironment, antibacterial

[214]

Cellulose and chitosan

CMCS-Hep and CMC-A

SOD, rhEGF

Cell migration and proliferation, collagen fibers deposition, blood vessels (+); DNA damage, inflammation (-)

ki67, CD31(+)

L929, HUVEC

STZ-induced diabetic rat model

One,1 cm

biodegradable, injectable, self-healing, and low-toxic

[215]

Methylcellulose, chitosan

Exosomes from PMSC cell culture

Angiogenesis (+); apoptosis (-)

Bcl-2, VEGF (+); Bax(-)

293T cells

C57BLKS-Leprdb mice diabetes model

NA,0.7cm

Self-healing, injectable, biocompatibility

[206]

Gelatin and chitosan

Gelatin and chitosan

Histatin-1, polypyrrole based conductive nanoparticles

the deposition of ECM, vascularization (+), inflammatory response, cell damage (-)

CD31, α-SMA (+); TNF-α (-)

L929 cells, HUVECs

db/db congenital diabetic mice (type II)

One,1cm

Good adhesion, stability, and biocompatibility, conductivity

[216]

Chitosan and alginate

CMCS and SA

Ir-fliq probe

Bacterial growth (-)

NA

NIH3T3, RAW264.7 and H22 cells

STZ-induced diabetic rat model

One,0.5cm

Real-time monitoring

[217]

Cellulose and HA

OHMPC, HA-ADH

Alg@ori, HA-PEI@siRNA-29a

Angiogenesis (+), inflammation (-)

α-SMA and CD31(+); IL-6 and TNF-α (-)

Mouse fibroblasts L929 cells

STZ-induced diabetic rat model

Wounds on the dorsal region

Anti-inflammation, angiogenesis, excellent biocompatibility

[218]

  1. “(+)” represents upregulated or promoted
  2. “(-)” represents downregulated or suppressed