Table 3 Alginate-based hydrogel
System | Substance | Mechanism | Signal pathway | Cell line | Animal | Wound size | Characteristic | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium alginate | Protamine nanoparticles, protamine NPs/HAO Ca-alginate hydrogel | Granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, wound contraction, and re-epithelialization (+); inflammation (-) | VEGF (+) | HUVECs, Human foreskin fibroblasts | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,2cm | Antibacterial, angiogenesis | [172] |
Calcium alginate | Eudragit nanoparticles containing edaravone | ROS levels (-) | NA | NA | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,0.5cm | Antioxidant | [173] |
PVA/alginate | Green tea polyphenol nanospheres | NA | PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (+) | HFF-1 cells and HUVEC cells | STZ-induced Diabetic rat model | A 15mm thick wound on the back | Promote healing | [174] |
PVA/alginate | reduced graphene oxide, Tb3+ | Re-epithelialization and collagen deposition (+); inflammation (-) | NA | NA | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | Four, 0.8 cm | high mechanical strength, resist to protein absorption | [175] |
Alginate/bioglass | SA microparticles containing conditioned medium of cells | Vascularized granulation tissue (+); inflammatory response, fibrosis, scar (-) | NA | L929 cells, Mouse aortic endothelial cells, RAW 264.7 cells | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One, 1cm | Injectable; drug delivery by wound stage | [176] |
Calcium alginate | Rubidium | Angiogenesis, re-epithelialization and collagen deposition (+) | VEGF, the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2)/ heme-oxygenase-1(HO-1) signaling pathway (+) | HUVECs and human skin immortalized keratinocytes, fibroblasts | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | Four ,1.2 cm | Promote healing | [177] |
Sodium alginate | Zn2+, histidine | Cell migration and angiogenesis (+) | Col 1α and VEGF (+); TNF-α and IL6(-) | Embryonic fibroblast (NIH3T3) | The db/db mice | Two ,1cm | Good injectability, biocompatibility, adhesivity and antibacterial activity | [178] |
Calcium alginate | Primary macrophages and their secretome | NA | NA | L-929 cell, the RAW 264.7 cell line | The db/db mice | Two ,0. 6cm | Promote healing | [179] |
chondroitin sulphate, sodium alginate, poloxamer-407 | Curcumin | Tissue regeneration, collagen fibers deposition, angiogenesis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands (+); inflammation (-) | NA | 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,2 cm | Promote healing | [180] |
Sodium alginate, Pectin | Simvastatin | Re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, angiogenesis (+) | NA | NA | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | Two ,0.8cm | Promote healing | [181] |
Alginate | PRP | NA | NA | HaCaT keratinocytes, HDF, L929 murine fibroblast cell | The db/db mice | One,0.8 cm | Injectable, bioactive, degradable, promote healing | [182] |
Calcium alginate | Deferoxamine and copper nanoparticles | NA | HIF-1α and VEGF (+) | HUVECs | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,1 cm | Pro-angiogenesis, antibacterial, biocompatible, antibacterial properties | [183] |
oxidized sodium alginate, dopamine | NA | Angiogenesis, collagen deposition (+); inflammation response (-) | NA | L929 cells, HUVECs | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One, 1.8 cm | Biocompatibility, suitable adhesion, promote healing | [184] |