Table 1 Chitosan-based hydrogels
System | Substance | Mechanism | Signal pathway | Cell line | Animal | Wound size | Characteristic | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chitosan/heparin/poly (γ-glutamic acid) | Superoxide dismutase | Re-epithelialization and collagen deposition (+) | NA | 3T3 fibroblasts. | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | Two,1cm | Good rheological, swelling, biocompatibility, antioxidant properties | [128] |
Chitosan and PVA | Zn2+, polypyrrole | NA | NA | Fibroblasts | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | Four ,1 cm | Excellent stretch, self-healing, biocompatibility, conductivity, antibacterial activity | [129] |
Chitosan/polyurethane/PLGA | BMMNCs | Neovascularization (+); wounds size, inflammation (-) | NA | BMMNCs | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,0.6cm | Low cytotoxicity, promote healing | [130] |
Quaternized chitosan, benzaldehyde-terminated F108 (F108-CHO) | CORM-401, insulin | Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, antioxidative stress (+) | ATP synthesis, activated macrophages proliferation (-); scavenging ROS, the expression of HO-1, the polarization of M1 to M2(+); the rupture of bacterial membranes, mitochondrial dysfunction | L929 cells and HUVECs | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,0.8cm | Good tissue adhesion, injectability, self-healing, controllable insulin release ability | [131] |
Chitosan and decellularized dermal matrix | Carbon nanodots, hAMSC | Angiogenesis, collagen deposition, wound closure, re-epithelialization, formation of DEJ (+) | ColI(+), ColIII, KRT(-) | Human foreskin fibroblasts | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,2cm | Proangiogenic potential, ROS scavenging, hemocompatibility, and moderate antimicrobial activity | [132] |
Chitosan/PVA | Perfluorocarbon emulsions, EGF-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, and polyhexamethylene biguanide | Re-epithelization, collagen deposition and maturation (+); inflammatory (-) | IL-8(-) | Human keratinocytes (KERTr cells; ATCC® CRL-2309™) | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | Two,0.8 cm | Oxygen delivery, antibacterial, anti-inflammation, and promotive cell growth | [133] |
Chitosan | Mixture of flavonoids isolated from the leaves of Passiflora edulis | Antioxidant defense system (+) | NA | Fibroblasts (L929) | Alloxan-treated rats | One,1cm | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | [134] |
Quaternized chitosan, Tannic acid | / | Collagen deposition, no scar formation, skin regeneration (+) | NA | Rat skin fibroblast-like (RS1) cells | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,1cm (Not mentioned in the text, estimated by pictures) | Good injectability and self-healing, cytocompatibility, hemostatic capability and biodegradability, radical scavenging activity | [135] |
Fluorinated Meth acrylamide Chitosan | / | Collagen synthesis, neovascularization (+) | NA | NA | The (db/db) homozygote mice | NA,0.8cm | No bioaccumulation, oxygenating | [136] |
Ulvan dialdehyde/chitosan/dopamine | Ag NPs, hUC-MSCs | Cell proliferation and migration (+) | Capase3-dependent BCL2 expression, the activation of PCNA and AKT(+) | NIH/3T3 cells | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,1cm | Adequate mechanical properties, swelling capability, adhesiveness, antioxidant, antibacterial ability | [137] |
Chitosan | PRP, silk fibroin | Collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and nerve repair (+) | CD34, NF-200(+) | L929 cells, HDFs, HUVECs, HUMSCs | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,1cm | Injectable, self-healing, biodegradable | [138] |
CS-DA-LAG, PEG-PBA-BA | Metformin, polydopamine-coated reduced graphene oxide | Inflammation (-), angiogenesis (+) | IL-6(-); α-SMA, CD31(+) | HUVECs | Type 2 diabetes rat model | One,0.5cm | pH/glucose dual-responsive, adhesion-enhanced, self-healing, easy-removable, antibacterial, antioxidant, conductive, hemostasis | [139] |
PVA/Chitosan | The tibetan eighteen flavor dangshen pills | Collagen deposition (+); Pro-inflammatory cytokines (-) | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β (-) | L929 cells, HUVECs | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | Four,1cm | Good rheology, suitable swelling and degradation behavior, excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial activity | [126] |
Chitosan | Calcium alginate nanoparticles, AgNPs, fresh blood | Collagen bundle (+) | NA | NA | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,1.2cm | Antimicrobial, hemostatic, self-healing, scar free | [125] |
Chitosan-PEG | AgNPs | NA | NA | NA | Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits’ model | Two,2cm | Antioxidant, antibacterial | [127] |
Methacrylated chitosan | P. granatum peel crude extract, AgNPs, ethyl acetate fraction | NA | TGF-β1, NF-κB (+) | Human normal cell line (HFB4) | Diabetic rat model | one,1cm | Good mechanical characterization, promote healing | [140] |
Benzaldehyde-terminated 4-arm PEG/carboxymethyl chitosan | bFGF | Epithelialization, collagen, hair follicles, neovascularization (+) | Ki67, CD31, CD34 expression (+) | L929 cells | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,1cm | Excellent wet-tissue adhesion, self-mending, and antibacterial, biocompatibility and fast hemostasis capacity | [141] |
Quaternized chitosan, ε-poly-L-lysine grafted graphene quantum dots, benzaldehyde-terminated four-arm poly (ethylene glycol) | / | The migration and proliferation of fibroblast cell, inactivation of bacteria (+); bacterial membrane (-) | NA | NIH3T3 cells | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,1cm | pH sensitivity, self-healing, hemostatic, and biocompatible | [142] |
Collagen, Chitosan | Silver nanoparticles | Collagen deposition, hair follicle repair, sebaceous glands formation (+) | VEGF, TGF-b1, IL-1b, and TIMP1 expression (+) | HUVECs | alloxan-induced diabetic rat model | One,0.5cm | Good mechanical properties and biological activity | [143] |
Chitosan | Puerarin | Angiogenesis (+); inflammation (-) | MiR-29ab1 mediated inflammatory axis (-) | Mouse mononuclear macrophage leukemia cells (RAW264.7) | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,1cm | Anti-inflammatory, promote healing | [144] |
Sulfated chitosan | Collagen type I | Re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, neovascularization (+) | IL-4, TGF-β1(+); IL-6(-) | L929 fibroblasts | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | Two, NA | Improving inflammatory microenvironment, regulate macrophage behaviors | [145] |
PVA, chitosan, phenylboric acid | Insulin, gelatin microspheres containing celecoxib | Angiogenesis, cell proliferation and migration, hair follicle regeneration (+) | IL-10, VEGF (+); TNF-α, MMP9, AGEs (-) | L929 cells, RAW 264.7 macrophages | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | Two ,0.8cm | Glucose and MMP-9 dual-response, temperature-sensitive, Shape self-adaptive, excellent biocompatibility | [146] |
Chitosan | Ag+, Cu2+ | cell migration, angiogenesis (+) | IL-10, α-SMA, VEGF, CD31 (+) | HUVECs and mouse fibroblast cells (L929) | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | NA,0.8cm | Injectable, self-healing, and biodegradable, antibacterial | [147] |
Chitosan HCl, κ- carrageenan and PVA | Cefotaxime | Angiogenesis, collagen deposition, epidermis regeneration (+) | NA | NIH3T3 fibroblast cells | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | NA,1.5 cm (burn) | Excellent bacterial barrier property, oxygen and water transmission rate, flexibility, mechanical properties | [148] |
Pluronic F127 and chitosan | Ce@LTA-NPs | The formation of granulation tissue, re-epithelialization, collagen remodeling (+) | NA | HUVECs,murine macrophage RAW264.7 | STZ-induced diabetic rat model | One,2cm | ROS scavenging, clear inflammatory factors, good porosity, stability and biocompatibility | [149] |