Fig. 11

Functional evaluation of multimodular tissue assemblyin vivo: biodegradation rates and regenerative capacities. After transplantation of the multimodular tissue assembly into the abdominal region of mice, we evaluated its biodegradation rates in vivo at 0 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days by assessing its gradually decreased volumes at the transplant sites (A) and performing histopathological examination (B). Various embedded cells within the multimodular tissue assembly were labeled with mCherry (red fluorescent protein) or GFP (green fluorescent protein) and then transplanted directly into 7-week-old immunodeficient NSG mice with severe tissue injury (C). Scar formation was then monitored over the subsequent 21 days. The multimodular tissue assembly-implanted wounds showed resurfacing of over 90% of the initial wound area on Day 21 after injury (D). Regenerated tissues were collected and subjected to histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Histopathological analysis of wound sites showed that the multimodular tissue assembly-implanted mice revealed significant increases in epidermal and dermal thickness compared to the mice implanted with the cell-free tissue architecture at Days 7, 14, and 21 (E). Significant differences are presented. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, and ***p < 0.001 (two-sample t-test)