Fig. 4

Endotoxin (LPS) neutralization and anti-inflammation activities of NMVs-coated nanoparticles (NM-NP). a Schematic illustration of the mechanisms for LPS neutralization and subsequent anti-inflammation of NM-NP. b Fluorescent images of LPS-FITC solution (0.1 µg mL^− 1) before and after incubation and centrifugation with NP or NM-NP (1 or 2 mg mL^− 1). c Binding efficiency of NP and NM-NP to LPS-FITC (n = 3); d Intracellular ROS fluorescent images of untreated RAW264.7 macrophages, LPS-treated macrophages, and LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with blank NP or NM-NP. The amount of (e) TNF-α and (f) IL-6 secreted from macrophages under different treatment (n = 3, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, Student’s t-test)