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Table 2 Summary of biomaterials for tumor immunotherapy

From: Emerging biomaterials for tumor immunotherapy

Nature

Drugs

Preparation method

Therapy or mechanism

Anticancer performance

Refs

Inorganic biomaterials

Metallic oxide

Mn oxide NP

AuNC@MnO2(AM)

Galvanic replacement method

PDT, Immunotherapy

Destroyed the tumor directly, inhibited lung metastasis

[78]

BSA-MnO2IPI549(BMI)

Direct mixing method

MRI-visible immunotherapy

Immunosuppressive PD-L1, M1-polarization of TAMs, and activation of tumor-suppressive T-lymphocytes

[79]

Zn oxide NP

Dox-loaded ZnO NPs

Stirring, centrifuging, washing, freeze-drying

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy

Killed multidrug resistant cancer cells, downregulated CD44, promoted cancer cell apoptosis, M1-polarization of TAMs

[80]

ZnO nanowires

Alkaline solution-based method

Immunotherapy

Significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo

[81]

Fe oxide NP

FeNP-delivered CpG particles (FeNP/CpG)

Co-precipitation method

Immunotherapy

Inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis

[82]

Fe3O4–OVA NP vaccines

Mild vortexing method

Immunotherapy

Significantly influenced immune response and tumor inhibition

[83]

Silicon NP

ZnPP@MSN-RGDyK

Step-by-step synthesis

PDT, Immunotherapy

Precisely targeted β3-int to inhibit PD-L1 in an NSCLC-SM mouse model

[84]

Mesoporous silicon NPs

Stirring, centrifuging

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy

Inhibited the growth and metastasis of tumor cells

[85]

Cancer cell membrane coated Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic NPs

Hydrothermal method

Immunotherapy

Activated NK cells, killed tumor cells in vitro

[86]

Black porous silicon NPs

Cocktail regimen

PTT, Immunotherapy

Inhibited distant and metastatic tumors

[87]

TME—regulating SiO2@MnO2 NPs (SM NPs)

Hydrothermal method

Radiotherapy (RT), Immunotherapy

Inhibited tumor growth and metastasis

[88]

Carbon nanotube (CNT)

Durvalumab/CNT/PEI/aptamer-siRNA chimera (chimera/Durmab/CNT)

Washing, stirring, centrifuging

Immunotherapy

Targeted to bind with HCC cells and silence the Trem2 gene, promoted apoptosis of HepG2 cells, inhibited growth of transplanted tumor

[89]

OVA-loaded Man-MWCNTs

Physical adsorption

Immunotherapy

Efficiently enhanced DC maturation and cytokine secretion

[90]

MHR-CpG

Vortexing, incubating

Immunotherapy

Inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells

[91]

Organic biomaterials

Synthetic polymer materials

PLA

Anti-neu/anti-CD40-NP

Washing, incubating, centrifuging, blocking, resuspending

Immunotherapy

Recognized RNEU tumors and activated DCs

[92]

LD-indolicidin-PEG-PLA

O/W emulsion method

Immunotherapy

Elicited a T helper (Th)1-dominant antigen-specific immune response and antitumor ability

[93]

R848-loaded NP

Microwave-assisted ring opening polymerization

Immunotherapy

Efficiently stimulated macrophages

[94]

PLGA

PLGA-ICG-R837 NPs

O/W single-emulsion method

PTT, Immunotherapy

Eliminated primary tumors, attacked and killed spreading metastatic tumors, and offered immune-memory protection to prevent tumor relapse

[95]

DOX/aNLG919-loaded CaCO3 NPs (DNCaNPs)

Classical double emulsion method

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy

Inhibited tumor growth in both subcutaneous CT26 colon tumors and orthotopic 4T1 breast tumors

[96]

Riboxxim/OVA-loaded PLGA NPs

Double emulsification solvent evaporation method

Immunotherapy, targeted therapy

Increased DC maturation and type I IFN cytokine secretion, improved priming and activation of CD8+ T cells, inhibited tumor metastasis

[97]

ONP-302

Emulsion mixing method

Immunotherapy

Activated STING/IL-15/NK cell mechanism reprogrammed myeloid cells, increased expression of PD-1/PD-L1 in TME

[98]

PEG

CDN-PEG-lipids

Alcohol dissolution method

Immunotherapy

Triggered acute tumor necrosis, and activated DCs and CD8+ T cells

[99]

PEG-SAB-Lip

Ethanol injection method

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy

Inactivated tumor-associated fibroblasts, and inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis

[100]

Cascaded pH-activated supramolecular nanoprodrug (PDNP)

Two‐kind aminaldehyde reaction

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy

Facilitated DC maturation and CD8+ T cell infiltration, primed CTL proliferation, and boosted antitumor immune cycle

[101]

PBE-modified TRP2 nanovaccine

Dialysis method

Immunotherapy

Promoted cellular uptake, stimulated DC maturation, enhanced lymph node retention, and improved T cell activation

[102]

DMP@NPs

Washing, stirring, centrifuging

Immunotherapy

Inhibited tumor growth in colorectal cancer

[103]

TA-CA-DOX-PEG

Amidation reaction

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy

Increased CD8+ T cells, and mature DCs, decreased Treg infiltration

[104]

PEI

PEI-EGFR-PD-L1-siRNA dual functional nano-vaccine

Reverse emulsification method

Immunotherapy, Gene therapy

Inhibited the expression of PD-L1, regulated immunosuppressive TME

[105]

PEI-OA MNP

Thin-film hydration method

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy

Increased tumor invasion and activation of CD8+ T cells

[106]

PVA-PEI-Mg2+ scaffold hydrogel (PEIGel)

Stirring, mixing

Immunotherapy

Eliminated primary tumors and remote metastases and prevented tumor relapse after surgical resection

[107]

Natural biomacromolecular materials

Polysaccharides

Alginate/κ-carrageenan oral microcapsules loaded with Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides MH751906

Stirring, washing, drying

Immunotherapy

Regulated both BCL2 and TGF surviving genes and upregulated IkappaB-α gene expression to inhibit colon cancer cells

[108]

PEG-HA-OVA/PPLs

-

Immunotherapy

Inhibited the expression of PD-L1 in CD44+ tumor cells and CD44+ DCs, and reprogrammed TME

[109]

OPBP-1-loaded trimethyl chitosan hydrogel

2-step methylation method

Immunotherapy

Inhibited tumor growth and enhanced infiltration and function of CD8+ T cells

[110]

NOCC-CpG/OX-M, Ncom Gel

Dissolving, mixing, cross-linking, freeze-drying

Immunotherapy

Enhanced antigen presentation to T cells and showed significant antitumor response in a melanoma model

[111]

Silk fibroin

Dinutuximab-loaded lyophilized SF foams

Mixing, freezing, lyophilizing, annealing

Immunotherapy

Inhibited tumor growth in orthotopic neuroblastoma model

[112]

CCs-SF / DOX

Degumming, dissolving, filtering, freeze-drying, mineralizing

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy

Promotes M1-like macrophage polarization, reversed immunosuppressive TME

[113]

SH@FP@CaCO3

Stirring, mixing, mineralizing

Immunotherapy

Enhanced immunogenicity and reversed immunosuppression in TME

[114]

Antigen/Adjuvant-loaded macroporous SF microspheres

Ice templating self-assembly technique

Immunotherapy

Suppressed tumor growth by improving CTL response

[115]

Gelatin

CRAd-IL12-IL15 + CIKs/gelatin

Dissolving, stirring, dialyzing, lyophilizing

Immunotherapy

Sustained to induce potent anti-tumor immune responses with single administration

[116]

Micro-hydrogel injectables

Two-step process, pipette tip-based microfluidic device

Immunotherapy

Served as carrier systems to augment CAR-T treatment of solid tumors

[117]

STB-ICI

Dissolving, stirring, mixing

Immunotherapy

Reduced tumor growth, increased CD8 T cell level, and induced increased levels of tumor-infiltrating CD4 helper T cells, CD8 cytotoxic T cells, and tumor death

[118]

Cell-derived bioactive materials

RBC membrane

BPQD-RMNV

Extrusion method

Immunotherapy, PTT

Inhibited primary and secondary TNBC cell growth

[119]

Fe3O4-ICG@IRM NPs

Ultrasonic fusion method

Immunotherapy, PTT

Inhibited the growth of primary and metastatic ovarian cancer cells

[120]

Platelet membrane

PNP-R848

Single emulsion process

Immunotherapy

Inhibited the growth of colorectal cancer and BC cells and inhibited lung metastasis

[121]

PCDD NPs

Gradient centrifugation method

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, PDT

Inhibited the growth of primary and distant melanoma and lung metastasis

[122]

Macrophage cell membrane

I-P@NPs@M

Ultrasound emulsification method

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, PDT

Inhibited BC cell growth and lung metastasis

[123]

NPR@TAMM

Separation coating method

Immunotherapy, PDT

Inhibited tumor growth and metastasis

[124]

Stem cell membrane

PDA-DOX/siPD-L1@SCM

Stirrig, mixing, centrifuging, washing

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Gene therapy

Inhibited prostate cancer growth and bone metastasis

[125]

HMnO2-TAT@PTX NPs

Three-step reaction

Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy

Inhibited NSCLC growth, metastasis and recurrence

[126]

Tumor cell membrane

C1498-mOVA-AMCNPs

Overlap PCR

Immunotherapy

Activated AML-specific immune responses and provided long-term anti-leukemic survival benefit

[127]

PEG-NPs

Desalting column purification

Immunotherapy

Elicited strong CTL responses with potent anti-tumor efficacy to inhibit melanoma growth

[128]

OMV

Engineered OMV-PD1

Separation and purification

Immunotherapy

Regulated the TME to increased anti-tumor efficacy

[129]

mTOMV

Vesicular hybridization

Immunotherapy

Inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis

[130]

  1. MRI Magnetic resonance imaging, NP Nanoparticle, PDT Photodynamic therapy, PTT Photothermal therapy, RBC Red blood cell, Th T helper; NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer