Nature | Drugs | Preparation method | Therapy or mechanism | Anticancer performance | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inorganic biomaterials | Metallic oxide | Mn oxide NP | AuNC@MnO2(AM) | Galvanic replacement method | PDT, Immunotherapy | Destroyed the tumor directly, inhibited lung metastasis | [78] |
BSA-MnO2IPI549(BMI) | Direct mixing method | MRI-visible immunotherapy | Immunosuppressive PD-L1, M1-polarization of TAMs, and activation of tumor-suppressive T-lymphocytes | [79] | |||
Zn oxide NP | Dox-loaded ZnO NPs | Stirring, centrifuging, washing, freeze-drying | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy | Killed multidrug resistant cancer cells, downregulated CD44, promoted cancer cell apoptosis, M1-polarization of TAMs | [80] | ||
ZnO nanowires | Alkaline solution-based method | Immunotherapy | Significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo | [81] | |||
Fe oxide NP | FeNP-delivered CpG particles (FeNP/CpG) | Co-precipitation method | Immunotherapy | Inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis | [82] | ||
Fe3O4–OVA NP vaccines | Mild vortexing method | Immunotherapy | Significantly influenced immune response and tumor inhibition | [83] | |||
Silicon NP | ZnPP@MSN-RGDyK | Step-by-step synthesis | PDT, Immunotherapy | Precisely targeted β3-int to inhibit PD-L1 in an NSCLC-SM mouse model | [84] | ||
Mesoporous silicon NPs | Stirring, centrifuging | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy | Inhibited the growth and metastasis of tumor cells | [85] | |||
Cancer cell membrane coated Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic NPs | Hydrothermal method | Immunotherapy | Activated NK cells, killed tumor cells in vitro | [86] | |||
Black porous silicon NPs | Cocktail regimen | PTT, Immunotherapy | Inhibited distant and metastatic tumors | [87] | |||
TME—regulating SiO2@MnO2 NPs (SM NPs) | Hydrothermal method | Radiotherapy (RT), Immunotherapy | Inhibited tumor growth and metastasis | [88] | |||
Carbon nanotube (CNT) | Durvalumab/CNT/PEI/aptamer-siRNA chimera (chimera/Durmab/CNT) | Washing, stirring, centrifuging | Immunotherapy | Targeted to bind with HCC cells and silence the Trem2 gene, promoted apoptosis of HepG2 cells, inhibited growth of transplanted tumor | [89] | ||
OVA-loaded Man-MWCNTs | Physical adsorption | Immunotherapy | Efficiently enhanced DC maturation and cytokine secretion | [90] | |||
MHR-CpG | Vortexing, incubating | Immunotherapy | Inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells | [91] | |||
Organic biomaterials | Synthetic polymer materials | PLA | Anti-neu/anti-CD40-NP | Washing, incubating, centrifuging, blocking, resuspending | Immunotherapy | Recognized RNEU tumors and activated DCs | [92] |
LD-indolicidin-PEG-PLA | O/W emulsion method | Immunotherapy | Elicited a T helper (Th)1-dominant antigen-specific immune response and antitumor ability | [93] | |||
R848-loaded NP | Microwave-assisted ring opening polymerization | Immunotherapy | Efficiently stimulated macrophages | [94] | |||
PLGA | PLGA-ICG-R837 NPs | O/W single-emulsion method | PTT, Immunotherapy | Eliminated primary tumors, attacked and killed spreading metastatic tumors, and offered immune-memory protection to prevent tumor relapse | [95] | ||
DOX/aNLG919-loaded CaCO3 NPs (DNCaNPs) | Classical double emulsion method | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy | Inhibited tumor growth in both subcutaneous CT26 colon tumors and orthotopic 4T1 breast tumors | [96] | |||
Riboxxim/OVA-loaded PLGA NPs | Double emulsification solvent evaporation method | Immunotherapy, targeted therapy | Increased DC maturation and type I IFN cytokine secretion, improved priming and activation of CD8+ T cells, inhibited tumor metastasis | [97] | |||
ONP-302 | Emulsion mixing method | Immunotherapy | Activated STING/IL-15/NK cell mechanism reprogrammed myeloid cells, increased expression of PD-1/PD-L1 in TME | [98] | |||
PEG | CDN-PEG-lipids | Alcohol dissolution method | Immunotherapy | Triggered acute tumor necrosis, and activated DCs and CD8+ T cells | [99] | ||
PEG-SAB-Lip | Ethanol injection method | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy | Inactivated tumor-associated fibroblasts, and inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis | [100] | |||
Cascaded pH-activated supramolecular nanoprodrug (PDNP) | Two‐kind aminaldehyde reaction | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy | Facilitated DC maturation and CD8+ T cell infiltration, primed CTL proliferation, and boosted antitumor immune cycle | [101] | |||
PBE-modified TRP2 nanovaccine | Dialysis method | Immunotherapy | Promoted cellular uptake, stimulated DC maturation, enhanced lymph node retention, and improved T cell activation | [102] | |||
DMP@NPs | Washing, stirring, centrifuging | Immunotherapy | Inhibited tumor growth in colorectal cancer | [103] | |||
TA-CA-DOX-PEG | Amidation reaction | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy | Increased CD8+ T cells, and mature DCs, decreased Treg infiltration | [104] | |||
PEI | PEI-EGFR-PD-L1-siRNA dual functional nano-vaccine | Reverse emulsification method | Immunotherapy, Gene therapy | Inhibited the expression of PD-L1, regulated immunosuppressive TME | [105] | ||
PEI-OA MNP | Thin-film hydration method | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy | Increased tumor invasion and activation of CD8+ T cells | [106] | |||
PVA-PEI-Mg2+ scaffold hydrogel (PEIGel) | Stirring, mixing | Immunotherapy | Eliminated primary tumors and remote metastases and prevented tumor relapse after surgical resection | [107] | |||
Natural biomacromolecular materials | Polysaccharides | Alginate/κ-carrageenan oral microcapsules loaded with Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides MH751906 | Stirring, washing, drying | Immunotherapy | Regulated both BCL2 and TGF surviving genes and upregulated IkappaB-α gene expression to inhibit colon cancer cells | [108] | |
PEG-HA-OVA/PPLs | - | Immunotherapy | Inhibited the expression of PD-L1 in CD44+ tumor cells and CD44+ DCs, and reprogrammed TME | [109] | |||
OPBP-1-loaded trimethyl chitosan hydrogel | 2-step methylation method | Immunotherapy | Inhibited tumor growth and enhanced infiltration and function of CD8+ T cells | [110] | |||
NOCC-CpG/OX-M, Ncom Gel | Dissolving, mixing, cross-linking, freeze-drying | Immunotherapy | Enhanced antigen presentation to T cells and showed significant antitumor response in a melanoma model | [111] | |||
Silk fibroin | Dinutuximab-loaded lyophilized SF foams | Mixing, freezing, lyophilizing, annealing | Immunotherapy | Inhibited tumor growth in orthotopic neuroblastoma model | [112] | ||
CCs-SF / DOX | Degumming, dissolving, filtering, freeze-drying, mineralizing | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy | Promotes M1-like macrophage polarization, reversed immunosuppressive TME | [113] | |||
SH@FP@CaCO3 | Stirring, mixing, mineralizing | Immunotherapy | Enhanced immunogenicity and reversed immunosuppression in TME | [114] | |||
Antigen/Adjuvant-loaded macroporous SF microspheres | Ice templating self-assembly technique | Immunotherapy | Suppressed tumor growth by improving CTL response | [115] | |||
Gelatin | CRAd-IL12-IL15 + CIKs/gelatin | Dissolving, stirring, dialyzing, lyophilizing | Immunotherapy | Sustained to induce potent anti-tumor immune responses with single administration | [116] | ||
Micro-hydrogel injectables | Two-step process, pipette tip-based microfluidic device | Immunotherapy | Served as carrier systems to augment CAR-T treatment of solid tumors | [117] | |||
STB-ICI | Dissolving, stirring, mixing | Immunotherapy | Reduced tumor growth, increased CD8 T cell level, and induced increased levels of tumor-infiltrating CD4 helper T cells, CD8 cytotoxic T cells, and tumor death | [118] | |||
Cell-derived bioactive materials | RBC membrane | BPQD-RMNV | Extrusion method | Immunotherapy, PTT | Inhibited primary and secondary TNBC cell growth | [119] | |
Fe3O4-ICG@IRM NPs | Ultrasonic fusion method | Immunotherapy, PTT | Inhibited the growth of primary and metastatic ovarian cancer cells | [120] | |||
Platelet membrane | PNP-R848 | Single emulsion process | Immunotherapy | Inhibited the growth of colorectal cancer and BC cells and inhibited lung metastasis | [121] | ||
PCDD NPs | Gradient centrifugation method | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, PDT | Inhibited the growth of primary and distant melanoma and lung metastasis | [122] | |||
Macrophage cell membrane | I-P@NPs@M | Ultrasound emulsification method | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, PDT | Inhibited BC cell growth and lung metastasis | [123] | ||
NPR@TAMM | Separation coating method | Immunotherapy, PDT | Inhibited tumor growth and metastasis | [124] | |||
Stem cell membrane | PDA-DOX/siPD-L1@SCM | Stirrig, mixing, centrifuging, washing | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Gene therapy | Inhibited prostate cancer growth and bone metastasis | [125] | ||
HMnO2-TAT@PTX NPs | Three-step reaction | Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy | Inhibited NSCLC growth, metastasis and recurrence | [126] | |||
Tumor cell membrane | C1498-mOVA-AMCNPs | Overlap PCR | Immunotherapy | Activated AML-specific immune responses and provided long-term anti-leukemic survival benefit | [127] | ||
PEG-NPs | Desalting column purification | Immunotherapy | Elicited strong CTL responses with potent anti-tumor efficacy to inhibit melanoma growth | [128] | |||
OMV | Engineered OMV-PD1 | Separation and purification | Immunotherapy | Regulated the TME to increased anti-tumor efficacy | [129] | ||
mTOMV | Vesicular hybridization | Immunotherapy | Inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis | [130] |