Fig. 3

Evaluation of Rp@Al-based antibacterial activity and immune response in vivo. a Schematic illustration of abscess model establishment and therapeutic strategy. b Time-lapse images of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced abscess recovery after different treatments. c, d Culture plate images (c) and quantitative analysis (d) showing the in vivo antibacterial ability of different treatments (mean ± SEM, n = 5). e Masson’s trichrome staining of skin tissues at abscess sites after different treatments. f Percentage of CD86⁺ CD80⁺ dendritic cells (DCs) in CD11c⁺ DCs in lymph nodes from mice in different treatment groups (mean ± SEM, n = 5). g Percentage of CD4⁺ T cells in total leukocytes isolated from lymph nodes harvested from different treatment groups (mean ± SEM, n = 5). h, i Quantitative analysis of serum interleukin (IL)-4 (h) and interferon γ (IFNγ) (i) levels on Day 12 (mean ± SEM, n = 5). ns, no significance, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001