Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of mainstream 3D bioprinting technology methods. A Schematic diagram of inkjet-based bioprinting method [37]. (i)The bioink is separated into continuous droplets, and the droplets are controlled by their own charge as well as by the peripheral electric field, (ii)Drip-on-demand inkjet printing designed with three drive methods: thermal, piezoelectric, and electrostatic can control the droplets to be ejected to any position to form a pattern. B Schematic diagram of the Stereo Lithography Appearance method [42]. C Schematic diagram of Laser-assisted Bioprinting based method [29]. D Schematic diagram of the extrusion-based bioprinting approach [35]. (i) mechanical force is generated by aerodynamic forces and (ii) mechanical force is generated by a piston or screw system. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [29, 35, 37, 42]