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Fig. 3 | Biomaterials Research

Fig. 3

From: Human mini-blood–brain barrier models for biomedical neuroscience research: a review

Fig. 3

Human neurological disorders modeling. A. Human BBB model used in the study of hypoxic-ischemia, low oxygen condition-induced neuroinflammation, and BBB disruption. Human BBB model for assessing the stimulatory impact of B. Aβ clearance in Alzheimer’s disease. C. α-synuclein fibril in Parkinson’s disease. D. Human BBB model for elucidating the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection into the brain, exhibiting the effect of EC-induced ECM dysfunction and BBB disruption on the S1 spite protein binding to the AEC2 receptor. E. Use of the human BBB model to explore intestinal pathogenic fungal infection into the brain, indicating Cryptococcosis neoformans penetration and formation of clusters in the endothelium abluminal site. F. A physiological human blood–brain tumor barrier model for investigating of tumor cell intravasation. ECs represents endothelial cells; PC, pericytes; ACs, astrocytes; MG, microglia; TJs, tight junction

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