Fig. 8

 A Schematic illustration of the synthesis of ZnO/GO-COOH nanocomposites and action mechanisms for the synergy of antibacterial and osteogenic effects. (i) SEM images and disk diffusion assay showing the antimicrobial activity of ZnO/GO-COOH nanocomposites against E. coli. Reproduced with permission [206]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier B.V. B Schematic image illustrating the synergistic bacterial eradication mechanism based on NIR-induced hyperthermia and metal ion release from C-Zn/Ag-derived nanocomposites. (ii) Live/dead staining and SEM images indicating the bactericidal efficacy of nanocomposites combined with NIR. Reproduced with permission [105]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. C Scheme illustrations of the synthesis of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles doped with manganese oxides and dual pH/ultrasound responsiveness for anticancer drug release. Reproduced with permission [106]. Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry. D Scheme illustrations of rationally designed crosslinker architecture to achieve stimuli-responsive biomaterial degradation. (iii) Flow cytometry quantification of cells released from hydrogels in response to environmental cues. Reproduced with permission [225]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature