Fig. 5
Antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of AgNPs. A Schematic illustration indicating the synthesis of different sized AgNPs by co-reduction approach. (i) Comparison of the antibacterial effect against E. coli of different sizes of AgNPs by inhibition zone experiments. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. B Fluorescence images visualizing the formation of NETs induced by AgNPs. Reproduced with permission [132]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier Inc. C Optical microscope images showing AgNP-induced atypical cell death of PMNs distinct from necrosis. (Up: freshly isolated PMNs; middle: AgNP-induced atypical cell death; down: heat-induced necrosis). D Percentage of atypical cell death of PMNs induced by AgNPs at different incubation concentrations for 24 h (0, 10 and 25 µg/mL). The insets show the atypical death of neutrophils on the optical microscope. Reproduced with permission [134]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier B.V. E SEM images and fluorescent images showing the morphology of macrophages cultured on different surfaces (Left: Ti; Middle: TiO2-NTs; Right: Ag@TiO2-NTs). F Fluorescence images and analysis of ROS and LC3 in macrophages grown on different samples (Ti, TiO2-NTs, Ag@TiO2-NTs, Ag@TiO2-NTs + 3MA and Ag@TiO2-NTs + 3MA + Rapa). Reproduced with permission118. Copyright 2020, Dove Press Ltd