Fig. 3

Schematic illustration of novel immune-enhanced antimicrobial strategies. Left: Passive immune-enhanced antimicrobial strategies work by surface modification of biomaterials such as surface morphology, wettability, stiffness and surface charge. Right: Active antimicrobial strategies are achieved by loading biomaterials with various bioactive molecules such as metal nanoparticles, host defense peptides and donators of gasotransmitters. Up: Smart drug delivery strategies for the responsive release of drugs through carbon-based materials and hydrogels. Reproduced with permission [102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111]. Copyright 2021, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society; Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; Copyright 2022, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH GmbH; Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry; Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd; Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V.