Fig. 8

Stimulated angiogenesis mediated by ADSC-NVs in vivo. Immunofluorescent staining for CD31 (A) and TUNEL (B) of the explanted specimens to identify angiogenesis and anti-apoptosis effects, respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm. C CD31 (+) vessel structure was the highest in 80 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL groups than in the control and 5 μg/mL groups (n = 3 per group). D Measurement of TUNEL (+) cells indicated higher anti-apoptosis effect in the 80 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL groups than in the control and 5 μg/mL groups (n = 5 per group). qRT-PCR analysis of the relative expression levels of miR-21-5p (E) and PTEN (F) in (−)NVs (control) and (+)NVs (NV-treated) groups (n = 3 per group). G Protein levels of PTEN, PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt of grafts with or without ADSC-NVs treatment. ****p < 0.0001