Table 3 Examples of natural biomaterials used in VTE

Alginate

Brown algae

- Rapid gelation

- Economical

- Low cell adhesion

[78,79,80]

Chitosan

Arthropods

Fungi

- Soluble in acidic media

- Gelation at physiological temperatures

- Slow gelation rate

[81,82,83,84]

Collagen

Porcine

Bovine

Murine

- Most abundant protein in the body

- Excellent bioactivities

- Low viscosity

[41, 85, 86]

Fibrin

Plasma proteins

- Major component of the blood clot

- Poor shape fidelity

[87,88,89]

Gelatin

Porcine

Bovine

Murine

- Denaturized collagen

- Low antigenicity

- Liquification at physiological temperatures

[73, 90]

Hyaluronic acid

Bacteria

- Structural simplicity

- Receptor-ligand interactions

- Lack of gelation abilities

[91, 92]