Table 2 Examples of surface modification methods for vascular grafts
Surface modification method | Factor | Graft material | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma treatment | Oxygen plasma | Polycaprolactone (PCL) | - Dense cellular infiltration | [65] |
Plasma immersion ion implantation | e-PTFE | - Rapid endothelialization - Suppressed early thrombosis | [66] | |
Radio frequency glow discharges (RFGD) | Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | - Induce endothelialization | [67] | |
Immobilization | MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) | PCL | - Reduced thrombus formation - Enhanced endothelium formation | [68] |
Heparin/cell-adhesive peptides | Polyurethane (PU) | - Reduced platelet adhesion - Enhanced endothelial cell attachment | [69] | |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) | - Enhanced endothelial cell proliferation - Enhanced endothelial cell migration | [70] | |
|  | Fibronectin and stromal cell derived factor 1 alpha (FN-SDF-1α) | Dacron | - Early cell attraction - Improved endothelial coverage | [71] |
Coating | Immobilized herapin | e-PTFE | - Reduced platelet adhesion - Decreased smooth muscle cell proliferation | [72] |
| Â | Gelatin | PCL | - Promote endothelialization | [73] |