Table 3 Selected materials used to functionalise silicone surfaces
Chemical family | Name | Type of study | Effect | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Synthetic materials | |||||
Polyacrylate | Poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA) | In vitro | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Decreasing bacterial adhesion | ||
Poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) | |||||
Oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) | |||||
Polyether | Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)/Oligo (ethylene glycol) (OEG) | In vitro and in vivo | • Rapid, reproducible grafting • Increasing hydrophilicity • Increasing cell adhesion • Reducing fibrinogen, immunoglobulin G, and platelet adsorption • No significant inhibition of leukocyte adhesion • Reducing the thickness of the fibrous capsule | ||
Methoxy(polyethyleneoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (PEG-silane) | In vitro | • Reducing platelets adsorption • Stable grafting | [226] | ||
Polyacrylamide | Poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) | In vitro and in vivo | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Decreasing fibroblast adhesion • No significant inhibition of leukocyte adhesion • Reducing the thickness of the fibrous capsule | [259] | |
Polyvinyl | Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) | ||||
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | In vitro | • Good neural response • Long-term stable hydrophilic surfaces • Improving cell growth and proliferation | |||
Polystyrene | Poly (Sodium Styrene Sulfonate) (polyNaSS) | Material characterisation only | • Increasing hydrophilicity | [238] | |
Natural materials | |||||
Zwitterionic | Phospholipids | Phosphorylcholine | In vitro | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Reducing the thickness of the fibrous capsule | [255] |
Poly (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) | In vitro and in vivo | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Significant reduction in inflammatory cell and cytokines recruitment • Reducing the thickness of the fibrous capsule | [265] | ||
Carboxybetaine | Poly carboxybetaine methacrylate) (pCBMA) | In vitro | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Reducing protein adsorption and cell adhesion | ||
Sulfobetaine | Sulfobetaine silane (SBSi) | In vitro | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Stable grafting • Reducing protein adsorption • Decreasing bacterial adhesion | [226] | |
Polyethylene glycol sulfobetaine silane (PEG-SBSi) | |||||
Polydopamine | In vitro | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Increasing cell adhesion | |||
Polypeptide | Collagen | In vitro | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Increasing cell adhesion • Unstable coating layer | [268] | |
Silk fibroin | In vitro | • Increasing elasticity • Increasing cell viability | [270] | ||
Nε-myristoyl-lysine methyl ester (MKM) | In vitro | • High stability and long-lasting hydrophilicity in ambient and aqueous environments • Reducing fibrinogen adsorption • Decreasing bacterial adhesion | [257] [254] | ||
Poly-l-lysine (PLL) | In vitro and in vivo | • Inhibited capsular contracture | |||
Polysaccharides | Hyaluronic acid (HA) | ||||
In vitro | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Long-term stability • Reducing protein adsorption • Reducing bacteria adhesion | ||||
Gelatin | In vitro | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Improving cell adhesion and growth | [253] | ||
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) | In vitro | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Improve cell adhesion and cell migration • Reducing protein adsorption | [242] | ||
Carboxymethyl -1,3-dextran (CMD) | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Improve cell adhesion and cell migration • Reducing the adsorption of negatively charged proteins • Increasing the adsorption of positively charged proteins | ||||
Alginic acid (AA) | • Increasing hydrophilicity • Improving cell adhesion and cell migration • Reducing the adsorption of negatively charged proteins • Increasing the adsorption of positively charged proteins | ||||