Table 1 Studies involving cell- breast implant interactions using both in vitro and in vivo methods

Effect of different silicone topographies on breast normal fibroblast reaction and its orientation

Breast-derived fibroblast

-

-

Light microscopy, immunofluorescent assay, and atomic force microscopy

[20]

Investigation of the interactions between fibroblast and different silicone breast implant surfaces

Skin fibroblast

-

Smooth and textured

Cell detachment induced by trypsin

[19]

The effect of botulinum neurotoxin type A on capsule formation around silicone implants

Skin fibroblast

Mice

Smooth

Histologically analysis of fibrotic capsules surrounding the implant,

immunofluorescence microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of cytokine expression cell attachment and proliferation assay, western blot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

[24]

Comparing silicone implant surfaces with biomimetic silicone

surfaces with hierarchical micro/nano-topographical features

Breast derived fibroblast

-

Smooth and

textured

Cell attachment, proliferation, cytotoxicity assay, immunofluorescence

microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and cytokine array

[18]

Assessment of a range of commercially available breast implants in terms of biocompatibility

THP-1 macrophage

-

Smooth and

textured

Immunocytochemistry analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and inflammatory marker cytokine array

[17]

Clarification of the relationship between periostin and the process of capsule formation after in vivo implantation

-

Mice

Smooth

Histologically analysis of fibrotic capsules, immunohistochemical analysis, and western blotting

[16]

Investigation of the immune response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to silicone breast implants

Blood mononuclear

-

Smooth and

texture

Cell proliferation assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and multiplex Immunoassay

[23]

Assessment of surface texture of commercially available breast implants in host tissue response

-

Rat

Smooth and textured

Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray computed tomography, and histologically analysis of fibrotic capsules

[22]

Identify adaptive immune regulators of the FBR to synthetic material implants including silicone breast implants

-

Mice and human

Not mentioned

Histologically analysis of fibrotic capsules, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, flow cytometry analysis, cell proliferation assays, immunofluorescence assay, IL17 neutralisation, IL6 blocking antibody, and senolytic treatment

[21]

Effect of the surface topography of silicone breast implants on the FBR

-

Mice, rabbit, and human

Smooth

and textured

Histologically analysis of fibrotic capsules, immunofluorescence microscopy quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, FACS analysis, and nanoString analysis

[15]

Determine whether implant surface topography can affect the physiology of asymptomatic capsules

Human

Textured

Investigated ECM and inflammatory gene expression in human capsules from patients using textured implants

[28]