Fig. 5

Cell proliferation assay, cell apoptosis assay, and Western blots of U87 MG and/or HA cells. A The cell proliferation assay analyzed by flow cytometry of U87 MG cells were treated with vehicle (Control group) or with either of the indicated nanodrugs with or without infrared laser irradiation (808 nm laser,1 W·cm^− 2) for 24 h and labeled with CFSE. B MFI of CFSE in U87 MG detected by flow cytometry. C, D) Cells were treated with vehicle (Control group) or with either of the indicated nanodrugs with or without infrared laser irradiation (808 nm laser,1 W·cm^− 2) for 24 h, and then stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI before being analyzed by flow cytometry for apoptosis/necrosis. Apoptosis of U87 MG cells (B) or apoptosis of HA cells (C). (Q1) necrotic cells, (Q2) late apoptotic cells, (Q3) early apoptotic cells, (Q4) viable cells. E Western blots of the expression levels of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins in U87 cells 24 h after either of the indicated treatment. (F) The grayscale values of the indicated protein bands on Western blots that were quantified and normalized to the expression level of the housekeeping gene, GAPDH, after the total cell lysates of U87 MG cells treated for 24 h from either of the treatment groups were resolved by SDS-PAGE. The data are based on three independent experiments. p values were calculated by Tukey’s post-test (**p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001).CMS, Cu₂MoS₄; PEG, polyethylene glycol; DOX, doxorubicin; M, cell membrane of U87 MG cells; CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimide ester dye; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; PI, propidium iodide