Fig. 1

Preparation of implantable micro-scale LED device (micro-LED) for PDT. (a) Optical images and layout of the micro-LED. (b) SEM images of the micro-LED with needle-like structure and multiple LEDs. (c) Light output power of the micro-LED by the number of LEDs and applied voltage. (d) ROS generation from VPF after visible light irradiation by micro-LED with the number of LEDs and applied voltage. (e) The viability of L929 fibroblast cells after ISO 10993-5 cytotoxicity test of the micro-LED. (f) Optical images of the injection process of the micro-LED into extracted tumors. (g) Temperature change in thigh tumor tissue around the implanted micro-LED with 50 mW of power applied. The right panel indicates infrared thermal camera images of the mice implanted with the micro-LED. Significance was determined by Tukey − Kramer posthoc test