Fig. 5

Mouse in vivo experiments of FTA system (a) Visualization of successful skin insertion using rhodamine B-loaded DMN into mouse skin (Scale bar, 500 µm). b Description for the observation concept and dissolution of insulin microneedle leftovers in DMN patch and dissolution of microneedles administered into mouse skin using FTA (Scale bar, 500 µm). c Blood glucose level in the control, subcutaneous insulin injection, insulin DMN patch, and insulin DMN FTA groups (n = 5, mean ± S.E.). d Plasma insulin level of the control, subcutaneous insulin injection, DMN patch, and FTA groups (n = 5, mean ± S.E.). e Plasma insulin concentration in the DMN patch and FTA groups expressed in a bar graph. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05; ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001. n.s. indicates non-significant